5
Structural Lightning Safety |
| 5.1 |
Background Issues |
| |
5.1.1 |
The Lightning Attachment Process and Risk Management of the Hazard |
| |
5.1.2 |
Atmospheric Charge Redistribution |
| |
5.1.3 |
Determining the Probability
of Lightning Striking a Facility |
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5.1.4 |
Lightning
Risk and Hazard Analysis Measurement |
| |
5.1.5 |
Zone or Fortress
Protection Concept |
| |
5.1.6 |
Effects of Lightning
on Assets, Facilities and Structures - By GAM Odam |
| |
5.1.7 |
21st Century
Lightning Safety For Environments Containing Sensitive Electronics,
Explosives, and Volatile Substances |
| |
5.1.8 |
Overview of Global
Lightning Protection Codes and Standards |
| |
5.1.9 |
The Basis of
Conventional Lightning Protection Technology - Report of the Federal
Interagency Lightning Protection User Group (1.5-MB PDF file) |
| |
5.1.10 |
Lightning
Safety Decision Tree for Facilities |
| |
5.1.11 |
Going
Beyond the Codes: An Expanding List of On-the-Job Tips |
| |
5.1.12 |
Lightning and Risk Management - By Bill Coffin |
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5.1.13 |
Do Aerosols Affect Lightning?12/28/17 |
| |
5.1.14 |
Lightning Safety: Basque Language Edition
(courtesy Jennifer Indurayne) |
| |
5.1.15 |
Lightning Discharge and Fundamentals of Lightning Protection - By Vladimir A. Rakov (925-KB PDF file)
|
| |
5.1.16 |
The Need for an International Standard of LightningLocation Systems - By Christian Bouquegneau |
| 5.2 |
Surge Protection Issues |
| |
5.2.1 |
Ode to the Missing Surge Protector |
| |
5.2.2 |
Overvoltages: Cause,
Effect & Mitigation |
| |
5.2.3 |
Choosing the Right Level of Protection - Peak Ampere Surge Current Ratings of SPDs |
| |
5.2.4 |
Advanced
Control of Transients - By Rajeev Thottappillil |
| |
5.2.5 |
NLSI Recommendations
for Surge Protection Devices |
| |
5.2.6. |
IEEE Guide for Residential Lightning Protection |
| |
5.2.7 |
Developing a Consumer-Oriented Guide on Surge Protection (404-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.2.8 |
Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits:
An 8-part Anthology
Foreword, Overview, and Hyperlinks - By Francoise Martzloff |
| |
5.2.9 |
Data Communications and Lightning Protection
|
| |
5.2.10 |
Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modeling of Surge Currents in
Lightning Protection System of a Small Residential Structure - By Grzegorz Maslowski et al. (1.4-MB PDF file) |
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5.2.11 |
Surge Protection 101: A Briefing for the Layman |
| |
5.2.12 |
Surge Protection 102 : Specification Guidelines |
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5.2.13 |
Surge Protection 103 : Applications Discussions |
| |
5.2.14 |
Photovoltaic (PV) Lightning Protection(Thanks to Citel)5/10/18 |
| |
5.2.15 |
On the selection and installation of surge protection devices in a TT wiring system for equipment and human safety - Chandima Gomes |
| |
5.2.16 |
Next Step: DO SOMETHING! |
| 5.3 |
Grounding and Bonding Issues |
| |
Note: |
Do you have a difficult
grounding situation? NLSI achieves 10 ohms in virtually any soil
situation.
Contact us today! |
| |
5.3.1 |
Recommended Grounding
Guidelines |
| |
5.3.2 |
Definition
of Terms Used in Grounding |
| |
5.3.3 |
An Examination of Lightning-Strike-Grounding
Physics - By C.B. Moore, G.D. Aulich and William Rison (268-KB
PDF file) |
| |
5.3.4 |
Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Principal Types of Earth Electrodes |
| |
5.3.5 |
Case Study: Grounding Issues with Solutions |
| |
5.3.6 |
Bonding vs. Isolating Approaches in Lightning Protection Practice - By Vladimir A. Rakov (484-KB PDF file) |
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5.3.7 |
Grounding Uncertaincies - A Rational Viewpoint12/28/17 |
| |
5.3.8 |
Clarification About 25 Ohms — The View from NFPA 70: National Electrical Code |
| |
5.3.9 |
Earth Electrodes for Safety Under Difficult Earth Conditions - Richard Kithil Jr., National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI)
12/28/17 |
| |
5.3.10 |
Concerns of corrosive effects with respect to lightning protection systems - Aidin Ghavamian, Mohammad Reza Maghami, Shayan Dehghan, Chandima Gome |
| |
5.3.11 |
“Minimum Bonding Distance Criteria” by Seyedeh Fallah, 34th ICLP Poland.
10/15/18 |
| 5.4 |
Air Terminals |
| |
Caution: |
Many vendors obscure this topic with pseudo-scientific
claims based upon vanity, falsehood, and deliberate
fraud. Recognized codes and standards should be consulted.
Avoid unconventional air terminal designs. |
| |
5.4.1 |
Fundamentals of Lightning
Protection |
| |
5.4.2 |
Lightning
Rods - Recent Investigations |
| |
5.4.3 |
Scientists
Oppose Early Streamer Air Terminals - By Abdul M. Mousa |
| |
5.4.4 |
Charge Transfer
System is Wishful Thinking, Not Science - A letter from a NLSI
contributor |
| |
5.4.5 |
The Applicability
Of Lightning Elimination Devices To Substations And Power Lines
- By Abdul M. Mousa, Fellow, IEEE British Columbia Hydro (Word file) |
| |
5.4.6 |
ESE Air Terminals
Ruling by US Federal District Court (76-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.7 |
There Is No Magic To Lightning
Protection: Charge Transfer Systems Do Not Prevent Lightning Strikes
- By William Rison (32-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.8 |
A Critical Review
of Nonconventional Approaches to Lightning Protection - By M.A.
Uman and V.A. Rakov (768-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.9 |
Conventional and Unconventional Lightning
Air Terminals: An Update - By Z.A Hartono and I. Robiah (648-KB PDF file) |
| |
|
A 2017 Photographic Review of ESE Failures by Hartono |
| |
5.4.11 |
Today's "Modern" Lightning Protection: Mr. Hocus Pocus, Meet Mr. Smoke & Mr. Mirrors (140-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.12 |
Pararrayos no Convencionales - Paper presented at IEEE Conference on Power and Measurement Systems, October 2008, Uruguay (1.1-MB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.13 |
Recall Unsafe Lighting Rods - Letter to the editor of The Sun (192-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.14 |
Misconceptions About Lightning and its Relation to Air Terminal Design Errors - By Z.A Hartono and I. Robiah (960-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.15 |
Failure of the Collection Volume Method and Attempts of the ESE
Lightning ROD Industry to Resurrect it - By Abdul M. Mousa (986-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.4.16 |
"Lightning Interception" by Cooray (509-KB PDF file) - Added 1/11/13 |
| |
5.4.17 |
"Failure ESE" by Hartono (657-KB PDF file) - Added 1/11/13 |
| |
5.4.18 |
"DYNASPHERE ESE AIR TERMINALS : ISSUES DESERVING CONSIDERATION" by Richard Kithil, and Orlando Alzamora, National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI) - Added 11/6/13 |
| |
5.4.19 |
"ESE Failure, Resulting Biogas Plant Explosion" Jiri Kutác?, Zbyne?k Martínek, Jan Mikeš, Martin Petrak
- Added 12/1/13 |
| |
5.4.20 |
"Pararrayos no Convencionales (Unconventional Air Terminals" César Briozzo, and María Simon
- Added 12/1/13 |
| |
5.4.21 |
"The Basis of Conventional Lightning Protection Technology" John M. Tobias, P.E. 1/1/14 |
| |
5.4.22 |
"Linear Hypothesis vs. Threshold Hypothesis"/td>
|
| |
5.4.23 |
Two Codes: NFPA-780 Compared with IEC 62305 |
| |
5.4.24 |
Unconventional Air Terminals (in Spanish), by Reniel E. Suares Perez, Inst. De Geofisi y Astronomia, Habana Cuba |
| 5.5 |
Site-Specific Issues |
| |
5.5.1 |
Lightning Hazard Reduction
at Wind Farms |
| |
5.5.2 |
GIS-Based Study of
Lightning Damages - By Lin Cao, Wei-Ning Xiang, and Joseph C.
Wilson |
| |
5.5.3 |
Overview of Lightning Detector Equipment |
| |
5.5.4 |
Should Lightning
Rods be Installed? |
| |
5.5.5 |
Small Shelters
and Safety from Lightning |
| |
5.5.6 |
Lightning
Protection for Telecommunications Facilities |
| |
5.5.7 |
Lightning
Protection for High-Value Facilities: A Peruvian Mining Case
Study |
| |
5.5.8 |
Lightning Safety in the Mining Industry |
| |
5.5.9 |
Case Study of Lightning Damage to Wind Turbine Blade (428-KB PDF) |
| |
5.5.10 |
21st Century Lightning Protection for High-Altitude Observatories |
| |
5.5.11 |
A Technical Basis for Guidance of Lightning Protection for Offshore Oil Installations - By Arturo Galvan (384-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.12 |
USPLN Cloud-to-Ground Stroke Counts (836-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.13 |
Uganda Country Report on Lightning - Presentation by R. Tusgemereirwe at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (1.1-MB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.14 |
Lightning Protection Practices in Bangladesh - Presentation by Abidur Rahaman at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (3.1-MB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.15 |
Lightning Protection in India - Presentation by Isha Parmar at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (2.1-MB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.16 |
Lightning Protection in Kenya - Presentation by Akinyi Margareta Ocholla and Njoroge Gathuru at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (276-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.17 |
Lightning Protection in Zambia - Presentation by Lubasi Foster Chilesh at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (248-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.18 |
Lightning in the Peninsular Malaysia - Presentation by Mazly Mohamed at International Symposium on Lightning Protection, October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal (248-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.19 |
EPA Report on Lightning Hazards to Refineries (231-KB PDF file) |
| |
5.5.20 |
Research On Lightning Sparks Discharge and Protection Measures of Large Floating Roof Tank
by HU Hai-yan, LIU Quan-zhen - SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China |
| |
5.5.21 |
Thunderstorm warning alarms methodology using electric field mills and lightning location networks in mountainous regions
by López, J., Pérez E., Herrera, J., Aranguren, D. - National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Porras, L. - Interconexión Eléctrica S.A E.S.P, Medellín, Colombia |
| |
5.5.22 |
Storm Detectors - Tests and Application
by Alain Rousseau - SEFTIM, Vincennes, France
Pierre Gruet - INERIS, Verneuil en Halatte, France |
| |
5.5.23 |
Operational analysis of electric field mills as lightning warning systems in Colombia
by D. Aranguren;. J. Inampués;. H. Torres - National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
J. López;. Ernesto Pérez - National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia |
| |
5.5.24 |
The protected space proved to be an undefined term
by Tibor Horvath - Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
|
| |
5.5.25 |
Summary of 2011 Direct and Nearby Lightning Strikes to Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, Florida
by C.T. Mata, A. G. Mata - ESC, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA |
| |
5.5.26 |
Lightning Protection Practice for Large-Extended Photovoltaic Installations
by Dr. Nikolaos Kokkinos - Elemko SA, Athens, Greece
Dr. Nicholas Christofides - Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Dr. Charalambos Charalambous - University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus |
| |
5.5.27 |
Glow Corona Discharges and Their Effect on Lightning Attachment: revisited
by Marley Becerra - Royal Institute of Technology –KTH– Stockholm, Sweden,
ABB Corporate Research Västerås, Sweden
|
| |
5.5.28 |
Overvoltages in Photovoltaic Systems Induced by Lightning Strikes
by Z. Benesova, R. Haller - University of West Bohemia, Pilsen (CZ)
J. Birkl, P. Zahlmann - DEHN + SÖHNE GMBH + CO.KG. Neumarkt, Germany
|
| |
5.5.29 |
Lightning Protection of SOYUZ and VEGA launching pads
by E.Bachelier, F.Issac, L.Guibert, W.Quenum - ONERA, Toulouse, France
V. Enjablert - DGA-TA, Toulouse, France
L. Mohedano - APAVE, Bordeaux, France |
| |
5.5.30 |
Influence of Thunderstorm-like Wind Velocities on Point Discharge Corona Currents
by F. Avella, J. Díaz, D. Ariza, O. Escobar, F. Román - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia |
| |
5.5.31 |
Lightning Safety in the Mining Industry |
| |
5.5.32 |
The Nuts & Bolts of Jolts: A U.S. Air Force Safety Perspective |
| |
5.5.33 |
ABC's of Lightning Safety for EPCM Operations at High Value Industrial Projects |
| |
5.5.34 |
NFPA-70 (NEC) Compliance Details for LPS Inspectors |
| |
5.5.35 |
Lightning and Public Safety Communications |
| |
5.5.36 |
"Technical Characteristics of LPS Downconductors" (Spanish, Dr. Martinez-Lozano) (PDF) |
| |
5.5.37 |
"Thunderstorms, Lightning and Climate Change" (Colin Price, Tel Aviv University) (PDF) |
